A versatile and highly efficient method for scarless genome editing in Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica

BACKGROUND Recently developed methods for genome editing in bacteria take advantage of the introduction of double-strand breaks by I-SceI in a mutation cassette to select for cells in which homologous recombination has healed the break and introduced a desired mutation. This elegantly designed method did not work well in our hands for most genes. RESULTS We corrected a mutation in the gene encoding I-SceI that compromised the function of a previously used Red helper plasmid. Further, we found that transcription extending into the mutation cassette interferes with cleavage by I-SceI. Addition of two transcription terminators upstream of the cleavage site dramatically increases the efficiency of genome editing. We also developed an improved method for modification of essential genes. Inclusion of a segment of the essential gene consisting of synonymous codons restores an open reading frame when the mutation cassette is integrated into the genome and decreases the frequency of recombination events that fail to incorporate the desired mutation. The optimized protocol takes only 5 days and has been 100% successful for over 100 genomic modifications in our hands. CONCLUSIONS The method we describe here is reliable and versatile, enabling various types of genome editing in Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica by straightforward modifications of the mutation cassette. We provide detailed descriptions of the methods as well as designs for insertions, deletions, and introduction of point mutations.